The art of Arnhem Land

Arnhem Land … a place of legend, of beauty and wildlife, some of the world’s most priceless and vivid natural assets. A place of Dreamtime and an ancient way of life that against the odds, continues to this day.

Within the borders of this ancient land is a place the local Aborigines call Rock Country, a moonscape containing one of the most spectacular collections of ancient art anywhere in the world. These galleries house millennia old art where human and animal combine to portray the interconnectedness of the physical and the spiritual worlds, an interconnectedness which extends to all humanity regardless of ethnicity, religious beliefs or geographical location.

From a cave opening high up on Obiri rock, a stunning view over the lush plains of the Alligator Rivers commands awed silence. Standing on the vantage point with a Nikon F6 slung around my neck, sunglasses protecting my eyes, I felt an interloper. And so I was. My boots were treading rocks worn smooth by the bare feet of Arnhem Land’s Aborigines over eons. My camera was clicking away, recording art work painted on the cave walls millennia before Europeans had sighted this country.

Obiri Rock, with its sheltering caves and sandstone overhangs, was an important camping ground for Aborigines of the district. When the great floods swept over the coastal plains in the wet season they retreated to these shelters on higher ground.

One can imagine the activities of the camp. A hunter stands on the ledge at the cave opening, peering over the flood plains for signs of wildlife at the water’s edge. Outside women and children congregate around cooking fires. Nearby, the men are mixing ochres for what must have been a busy art ‘school’.

On the faces of the rocks in brilliant red, orange, yellow and white is a gallery of some of the most superb rock art in the world. In the main Cathedral-like gallery, protected by a large rock overhang, the art depicts many different species of fish as well as turtles, kangaroos and other animals hunted for food. There are several examples of Aboriginal “x-ray” paintings in which the artist shows the internal organs of animals as well as their external appearance.

On the wall of another rock shelter opposite is a gallery containing a remarkable painting of seven men running across the wall. The first man has ornaments on his elbows, a bag hanging from his shoulder, a goosewing fan, a spear in one hand and a spear thrower in the other. The second figure is about to launch a barbed spear and so on, through the line of seven, each in a different motion.

Nearby is a painting of two women of the Namarakain tribe holding between them a string, the means by which tribes kept together when travelling at night. Another fascinating painting in this cave is that of an archer fish blowing droplets of water from its mouth to snare an insect for food.

Other paintings record contact with people from overseas, such as the sailing ships of the Macassan fishermen who fished off the coast of Arnhem Land every year for centuries. The Obiri rock gallery traces the history of Arnhem Land to the present age with the arrival of Europeans, pictures on the cave walls showing European muskets.

Professor Robert Edwards wrote in his seminal text The Art of the Alligator Rivers Region that, “In international terms [Obiri rock] rate [sic] with the great Paleolithic art sites of France and Spain and the Bushman paintings of Africa”.

Nevertheless, as valuable as it is, the Obiri gallery is only one among hundreds of equally outstanding Aboriginal cave paintings in the Alligator Rivers region. The Obiri sandstone formation extends to the Cannon Hill-Hawke Dreaming region where more than one hundred art galleries have been identified. The Cannon Hill gallery was identified by buffalo shooters Carl Warburton and Lawrence Whittaker, who established a base camp near the cave shelter in 1920. Warburton’s account of this exciting find in ?Buffaloes – Life and Adventures in Arnhem Land:

“Inside it was too dark to see beyond a few yards; so we gathered some dry bracken and made a torch. We entered warily, not knowing what might be lurking within.

It was a revelation. The walls rose about forty feet, and along one side was a ledge of stone … Apparently the cave had been used for hundreds of years. There was now no sign of life.

In the flickering light of the torch our eyes suddenly alighted upon a group of Aboriginal paintings along one side. They held us in amazement. Exceptionally life like reproductions of kangaroos, turtles, crocodiles, emus, nude lubras with well developed breasts … had been painted in red, yellow and white ochre … I had no idea that aboriginal art could reach such a high level”.

The densest concentration of painting sites in the Alligator Rivers region is on Hawke Dreaming, a high tableland between Cannon Hill and the East Alligator River. Twenty-two major sites are in one small group of cave shelters. One of the paintings done in white ochre appears to be a representation of a white man with a rounded body and muscular limbs. This gallery also contains paintings of sailing ships; not only the Macassan praus, but also ships of European origin. The Arnhem Land escarpment, the magnificent outcrop of broken rock mountains and deep ravines which rear abruptly out of the Alligator Rivers plain, has more art galleries than the Louvre, or all Paris for that matter.

Mt. Brockman, the huge sandstone mountain that rises 185 metres above the plain just two kilometres from the Ranger Uranium Company’s mining sites is a sacred place to Aborigines. No fewer that fifty-five painting sites have been found around the base of the mountain. One of the most important is the Serpent’s cave, featuring a long snake painted in red ochre.

Nearby is Nourlangie Rock Art Gallery, where there is evidence that Aborigines have camped, lived and painted near the waterholes and lagoons for millennia. One of these magnificent galleries shows ten tall decorative figures surrounded by legendary heroes and fish in “x-ray” style including a ‘lightening-man’, responsible in Aboriginal culture for thunder, lightening and storms. When he became angry he struck the ground with the stone axes which grew from his head, arms and knees. While it is unlikely that there was any pre-historic contact between the Aborigines of Arnhem Land and the North American Aborigines of Arizona, the Nourlangie ‘lightening-man’ bears striking similarities to a ‘storm-god’ petroglyph known as the Hohokam petroglyph in White Tanks Regional Park just outside Phoenix, Arizona. The Hohokam petroglyph has been dated to around 1,000 AD.

One of the largest galleries of the escarpment is in the Death Adder Creek valley. Among the many figures painted here is one carrying a rifle. Another is of a ‘bird’ or ‘owl-man’. This mythological figure has wings as well as arms and hands and the head of an owl. The similarities between the ‘owl-man’ and a similar depiction of a winged-man found near the Colo River on the outskirts of Sydney strengthens the argument in favour of a continent wide Aboriginal spirituality.

The two main painting styles of the Alligator Rivers region are polychrome and monochrome. The many-coloured polychrome paintings of animals, birds, reptiles and fish depict both the external and internal details of the subjects. These ‘x-ray’ figures seem to be linked to “increase ceremonies” held to ensure a plentiful supply of food. Monochrome drawings, according to Aboriginal lore, were painted by the Mimi spirits and display a strong feeling for composition and movement. Their main subjects are men in action, running, fighting and throwing spears.

There is an inseparable association between Aboriginal mythology and the painting galleries as well an inseparable association between the destruction of these sites and mining. For example, the ‘old woman site’ (Kabulurr) 16 km northwest of the now defunct Nabarlek uranium mine is intimately connected with the legend of the old woman who came from the west. The Nabarlek mine was both relatively small, yielding about 11,000 tonnes of uranium oxide over its life and extremely corrosive as its ore was of a very high grade and consequently highly radioactive. The corrosive powers of Nabarlek’s yellow cake ore have left an indelible scare on the ‘old woman site’, one that might yet prove to have Continent wide significance for all Australian Aborigines through its connection with a continent wide fertility cult centered about the concept of an ‘old woman’.

According to legend, she traveled up the East Alligator River to the Oenpilli landing creek, where she left her dog before traveling on to make her camp near Birraduk Creek. There she went for a swim in the waterhole, but the river came up and she was drowned. The old woman became a rock and remains there in stone to this day. We (Aborigines) are forbidden to climb the rock.

It is estimated that the Aboriginal Art in the Alligator Rivers region is a pictorial record of the region stretching back fifty millennia. Sacred figures painted in the rock shelter galleries were believed to be the work of legendary heroes of the Dreamtime. Myths associated with such paintings tell of the formation of the landscape and perpetuate a link between the mythological past and the present. Shelters richly decorated with paintings record the daily life of Aborigines of the region, while the numerous figures depicting aspects of contact with the outside world tell a graphic story of the arrival of new cultures in north Australia and their profound and generally negative impact on Aboriginal society.

The Arnhem Land Aboriginal rock art galleries are one of the artistic wonders of the world, the significance of which was recognised by UNESCO dedicating the third volume of its series on rare art masterpieces of the world to these paintings in a volume titled Aboriginal paintings – Arnhem Land. This recognition by UNESCO is testimony to the importance of the rock art of Arnhem Land, to the shared history of humanity. These remarkable and valuable works of art are being endangered by the greed of multi-national mining conglomerates in conjunction with the ‘here and now’ mentality of the Western world.

The Australian Government never tires of singing its own praises about weathering the Global Financial Crisis while delivering on its election promises to provide paid maternity leave to mothers and increased pensions to the elderly. Both laudable, though made possible through the tax revenues generated by the mining boom.

Mining, whilst good for the Australian economy, comes at the expense of someone else’s culture, a culture that forms part of the vast tapestry we call humanity. Every new mine opened, every ton of ore shipped overseas causes a diminution of the Dreamtime and a further separation of the world’s oldest continuous culture from its roots.

The rock paintings of Arnhem Land, recognised by UNESCO as being one of the wonders of the world are in themselves inextricably linked to the Dreamtime through the Mimi in the same way that everything existing on, below or above the land is linked to the Dreamtime. Unless all Australians sit-up and take notice of the cries of the land and the spirits there will be nothing left for future generations. Everyone’s Dreaming will be lost to the politics of now and the culture of greed.

Given the violent nature of the world on account of gender, ethnic and religious antipathy, it is perhaps time we turned to our common humanity to learn where, when and why we went wrong. The answer in part lies in the art galleries of Arnhem Land.